The impact of climate change and environmental degradation on migration and cities is not fully known. They are also likely to lack local knowledge, networks and assets, and are, therefore, less prepared to cope with, and avoid, the impacts of these hazards. Migrants, notably those of low socioeconomic status, are often particularly vulnerable as they are more likely to reside in areas at risk of environmental hazards. In South America, internal migration flows – as well as immigration – are mostly to cities. Rapid urbanization, accelerating demand for housing, resource supplies and social and health services, place pressure on already stretched physical, social and regulatory infrastructure, heightening risks and vulnerability. Cities – particularly megacities – are becoming focal points for climate change impacts.
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